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In Britain it is native only on calcareous soils, on disturbed ground, field margins, hedgerows and open woodland. In southern Sweden it was recorded in Flora of Skåne in 1870 as grown in apothecary gardens near Malmö. Another distinction is black nightshade flowers have white petals.Ītropa belladonna is native to temperate southern, Central and Eastern Europe North Africa, Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus, but has been cultivated and introduced outside its native range. A comparison of the fruit shows that the black nightshade berries grow in bunches, whereas the deadly nightshade berries grow individually. belladonna is sometimes confused with the much less poisonous black nightshade, Solanum nigrum, belonging to a different genus within Solanaceae. There is a pale-yellow flowering form called Atropa belladonna var. The berries are sweet and are consumed by animals that disperse the seeds in their droppings, even though they contain toxic alkaloids (see Toxicity). The fruits are berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny black, and approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in diameter. The bell-shaped flowers are dull purple with green tinges and faintly scented. Plants grow to 2 m (7 ft) tall with ovate leaves 18 cm (7 in) long. Description Ītropa belladonna is a branching herbaceous perennial rhizomatous hemicryptophyte, often growing as a subshrub from a fleshy rootstock. Mein (1799–1864) succeeded in preparing a pure crystalline form of the active substance, baptized atropine. In 1831, the German pharmacist Heinrich F. The modern pharmacological study of Atropa belladonna extracts was begun by the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1795–1867). The use of nightshade preparations for anesthesia, often in combination with opium, persisted throughout the Roman and Islamic Empires and continued in Europe until superseded in the 19th century by modern anesthetics. Dioscorides recognized wine of mandrake as an anaesthetic for treatment of pain or sleeplessness, to be given prior to surgery or cautery. The use of deadly nightshades as a poison was known in ancient Rome, as attested by the rumor that the Roman empress Livia Drusilla used the juice of Atropa belladonna berries to murder her husband, the emperor Augustus.
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In the first century BC, Cleopatra used Atropine-rich extracts from the Egyptian henbane plant (another nightshade) for the above-mentioned purpose of dilating the pupils of her eyes.
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Įxtracts of plants in the deadly nightshade family have been in use since at least the 4th century BC, when Mandragora ( mandrake) was recommended by Theophrastus for treatment of wounds, gout, and sleeplessness, and as a love potion. Linnaeus chose the species name belladonna ("beautiful woman" in Italian) in reference to the cosmetic use of the plant during the Renaissance, when women used the juice of the berries in eyedrops intended to dilate the pupils and make the eyes appear more seductive. "unturning one"), one of the Three Fates in Greek mythology, is said to have cut a person's thread of life after her sisters had spun and measured it. Linnaeus chose the genus name Atropa because of the poisonous properties of these plants. Known originally under various folk names (such as "deadly nightshade" in English), the plant was baptized Atropa belladonna by Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) when he devised his classification system. 9.3.1 Alternative medicine and toxicity riskĪtropa belladonna has a long history of use as a medicine, cosmetic, and poison.The antidote for belladonna poisoning is physostigmine or pilocarpine, the same as for atropine. Ītropa belladonna has unpredictable effects. These tropane alkaloids appear to be common in the family Solanaceae, as they are also present in plants of the genera Brugmansia, Datura, and Hyoscyamus, of the same family but in different subfamilies and tribes than the nightshade. These toxins include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, which cause delirium and hallucinations, and are also used as pharmaceutical anticholinergics. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic when ingested, containing tropane alkaloids. It is also naturalised or introduced in some parts of Canada and the United States. Its distribution extends from Great Britain in the west to western Ukraine and the Iranian province of Gilan in the east. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. Atropa belladonna, commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a poisonous perennial herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae, which also includes tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (aubergine).